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· E N Z I M A T I C D E G U M M I N G · Survey about Enzimatic Degumming

Survey about Enzimatic Degumming plete refining operation, then enzymatic present in the oil and also the type of The use of ICP to measure total phospho-

degumming followed by physical refi- enzyme used. rous is also an indication of efficiency of
ning is the most cost effective. reaction, especially in processes assisted
This survey was conducted during the XIV Latin American Congress • The benefits can be measured at the by the use of acid as pretreatment.
Ultimately, all these analysis listed
plant by mass balance, inventory checks.
developed in Cartagena - Colombia on Thursday October 20, 2011 Ken Carlson Measuring the amount of gums created above should be used to indicate reac-
Danisco in the conventional water degumming tion efficiency and yield benefits
process and comparing it to the amount
HECTOR AUTINO AND EDUARDO DUbINSky – ASAGA.
The benefits are primarily yield gain of gums created with an enzymatic pro- • For integrated plants where soybeans
and reduction of residual phosphorus cess is the best way of measuring the are processed into biodiesel or edi-
(when this is desired as in total degum- benefits at plant scale. The reduction in ble oils, removal of P with enzymatic
The increased interest in enzymatic degumming in Argentina followed during the public meeting.
and Brazil has resulted in many members of the ASAGA (the ming). We prefer measuring the gain total gums generate should correlate to processes and the recovery of FFA by
Argentine Association of Fats and Oils) requesting additional The panel members represented the available enzyme by comparing the output of wet gums increase in levels on storage tanks and physical means is the most economical
information regarding industrial scale implementations. degumming producers and industrial users attending the from the centrifuge over a specific time it also correlates to the reduction in the way of processing in terms of operatio-
period. Obviously the feedstock and total fat matter on the meal. nal costs. Enzymatic degumming can
meeting.
ASAGA surveyed its members about questions they would processing parameters must be the same be used stand alone or in combination
ask experts in the industry. Their questions were grouped Participants of the panel were David Cowan (DC), from (except for temperature and addition of • Caution must be exercised when with physical refining. On degumming
and submitted to a panel of experts during the 14th Congress Novozymes; Otis Curtis (OC), from DSM; Fernando Cadore enzyme/caustic). In this case the reduc- using these methods and conclusions processes assisted by the use of acid as
of the Latin-American Session of the AOCS, last October, in (FC), from Verenium; Ken Carlson (KC, by e-mail), from tion in gums for enzymatic degumming should be only drown after weeks or means of pretreatment, very low P levels
can be directly translated to increase in months of operation since normal varia- can be achieved and the resulting oil
Cartagena, Colombia. Danisco; León Pablo Espinoza (LPE), from De Smet;
Frederico Vianna (FV), from Alfa Laval; and Chris Dayton oil output. As for measuring residual tions are always experienced at the plant may be physically refined into edible
The panel was chaired by Jim Willits, chairman of the (CD), from Bunge Global, Innovation. Unfortunately not P (especially in total degumming) we both when using an enzymatic processes oil or biodiesel reducing the overall los-
Processing Division of the AOCS, and moderated by Flavio all industry representatives were present to compose the recommend ICP. or conventional degumming. ses when compared to other egumming/
Galhardo, from Bunge Global Innovation. The panelists’ panel, but for the broad nature of the answers collected, refining alternatives. Plant managers
The use of analytical methods can give a should be aware that although enzyma-
responses were transcribed by Hector Autino and Eduardo it is expected that this panel was able to clarify the basic
Dubinsky, of ASAGA. The antitrust policy of AOCS was concerns captured by ASAGA’s survey. David Cowan very good indication of the benefits, but tic degumming followed by physical
Novozimes is more appropriate for validation of the refining offers the lowest operational
efficiency of the enzymatic reaction by cost it requires more upfront inves-
Is difficult to measure the yields , some measuring the products of the reaction tment (CAPEX) than the conventional
• Questions on Enzymatic i) Total amount of gums produced – and fatty acids when physically refi- analytical methodologies can help, in for each type of enzyme used. alternative that uses water degumming
Degumming dramatic reduction in the amount and ning. order to know how works PLA enzyme. followed by chemical refining.
viscosity of the gums due to transfor- Therefore, analytical methods serve
mation into water soluble compounds 4. In order to maximize the benefit from best as a tool for process improvement
What's the economic benefit with little emulsification properties. enzymatic degumming the oil should Fernando Cadore and monitoring than as a yield measu- Frederico Viana
resulting from the use of enzy- ii) In the acid degumming and/or the be physically refined. However, if Verenium rement tool. In the case of plants using Alfa Laval Colombia
Phospholipase C enzymes, analyti-
mes in oil degumming? How is caustic refining processes, the whole a standalone extraction plant that
phospholipid molecule is removed. exports its production. Degumming • Reduction of overall volume of gums cal methods using HPLC can be used Economics benefits:
the benefit generated, and how and consequent reduction of losses of to determine DAG creation, but plant For crude oil: possibility to have an
In the enzymatic process, only the utilizing a PLC enzyme will allow
to measure and validate it in lyso-phospholipids and/or phospho- you to meet all specifications while neutral oil trapped on gums. Also, gums managers should be aware that DAG increase of DAG with PLC.
plant scale? Is it necessary to do compounds are lost. increasing the oil yield. from an enzymatic (either using PLC or creation indicates reaction efficiency, For crude oil with lecithin production:
physical refining in order to cap- D) A decrease in energy and chemical PLA as a processing aid) have less ace- and this doesn’t necessarily means that possibility to use PLA and have less los-
ture the most value of the enzy- utilized. tone soluble content - or less fat. the benefits are being captured during ses.
me degumming? Jim Willits & León Espinosa the subsequent separation process. Less usage of chemicals (acid and caus-
2. The benefit is generated by redu- De Smet Ballestra This means that the overall mass of tic) higher yields and less saponification
cing the neutral oil losses and adding gums is reduced and also that the per- Along the same lines, it is important of neutral oil.
value to the co-products (increased The economical benefit is: centage of oil present in the gums is also to note that centrifuge adjustments Less effluents
Chris Dayton value for tocopherols and technical 1. The reduction of neutral oil loss. reduced. When using Phospholipase are necessary to separate gums from High added-value products (tocopherol
Bunge North America grade concentrated fatty acids). 2. Less waste water contamination. C enzyme as a processing aid, there is an enzymatic process since they have and FFA).
3. Lower maintenance due to free also an additional bonus yield created by slightly different physical properties
1. Economic Benefits: 3. Measuring the incoming oil volume flowing gums. conversion of phospholipids into DAG. (denser, less viscous). Benefits generated and measurement:
A) Increased neutral oil yield and its composition for phospho- Less losses in the separation process
B) Enzymatic treatment of the phospho- lipids, DAG, and Free Fatty Acids To measure: The only sure way is on Degumming enzymes are called Phos- The reduction of fat matter on the gums Enzyme reacts with the phospholipids
lipids present in the oil yields reco- (FFAs). Measuring the outgoing oil physical inventory changes in and out of pholipases since they break phospho- can to also be taken into account when and do not damage the neutral oil.
verable Diacylglycerols (DAGs) and for its DAGs and FFA content. Mea- the plant. lipids making the removal of the phos- using analytical processes, and simple Creates DAG or FFA that can be recove-
fatty acids. suring the heavy phase generated for phorous easier. The benefit of using acetone soluble methods demonstra- red and the downstream processing.
C) Reduction in the heavy phase pro- its neutral oil content. Measuring the Maximum value: For degumming, no it enzymes for oil degumming will depend te the efficiency of the separation and It can be measured by mass balance
duced. distillate for recovered tocopherols does not make a difference. For a com- on the amount and type of phospholipids enzyme reaction. using mass flow meters.